A Guide to Python's Magic Methods

 https://rszalski.github.io/magicmethods/

__init__

__repr__

__getattr__

__setattr__

__call__(self, [args...])







context manager

class Closer:
    '''A context manager to automatically close an object with a close method
    in a with statement.'''

    def __init__(self, obj):
        self.obj = obj

    def __enter__(self):
        return self.obj # bound to target

    def __exit__(self, exception_type, exception_val, trace):
        try:
           self.obj.close()
        except AttributeError: # obj isn't closable
           print 'Not closable.'
           return True # exception handled successfully

__copy__(self)
__deepcopy__(self, memodict={})

Special Python Class methods

 class MyClass:

    def method(self):
        return 'instance method called', self

    @classmethod
    def classmethod(cls):
        return 'class method called', cls

    @staticmethod
    def staticmethod():
        return 'static method called'

Instead of accepting a self parameter, class methods take a cls parameter that points to the class—and not the object instance—when the method is called.
Because the class method only has access to this cls argument, it can’t modify object instance state. That would require access to self. However, class methods can still modify class state that applies across all instances of the class.
Static Methods
The third method, MyClass.staticmethod was marked with a @staticmethod decorator to flag it as a static method.
This type of method takes neither a self nor a cls parameter (but of course it’s free to accept an arbitrary number of other parameters).
Therefore a static method can neither modify object state nor class state. Static methods are restricted in what data they can access - and they’re primarily a way to namespace your methods.